Organizational Behavior Essay Example

Organizational Behavior Essay Organizational Behavior Dennis Gillispie BUS 610 Organizational Behaviors Instructor: Gary Shelton Date February 11, 2013 Abstract Organizational behavior may be defined as the investigation of the behavioral factors that affect modern organizations and their management at the individual, group, and organization-wide levels. Although managers supervise many activities as they direct employees of difference task. Organizational behavior mainly concentrates on the people side of a business, whether it is nonprofit, private or a governmental entity. The concept of organizational behavior is designed to help a company accomplish its full potential by creating a satisfying and positive environment that leads to a higher level of success, profitability, and growth. By creating a satisfying and positive environment an organization is able to connect the human element with the operational elements of an organization. However there are many things that impact the behavior of an Organization and its people (Baack, 2012). Also there are many important areas which must be considered when analyzing the condition of a selective organizational behavior. When an organization is selective to be analyzed there are areas that must be measured for its effectiveness in order for managers to become effective, as well as for the people to enjoy being productive in their work environment. This paper will analyze various behavioral components, within the Holder organization, viewing its culture, the modes of communication within, its social rank, and the organizations motivations, how well the organization embraces the theory of emotional intelligence and virtual organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Organizational behavior may be defined as the investigation of the behavioral factors that affect modern organizations and their management at the individual, group, and organization-wide levels. Although managers supervise many activities as they direct employees of difference task. Organizational behavior mainly concentrates on the people side of a business, whether it is nonprofit, private or a governmental entity. The concept of organizational behavior is designed to help a company accomplish its full potential by creating a satisfying and positive environment that leads to a higher level of success, profitability, and growth. By creating a satisfying and positive environment an organization is able to connect the human element with the operational elements of an organization. However there are many things that impact the behavior of an Organization and its people (Baack, 2012). Also there are many important areas which must be considered when analyzing the condition of a selective organizational behavior. When an organization is selective to be analyzed there are areas that must be measured for its effectiveness in order for managers to become effective, as well as for the people to enjoy being productive in their work environment. The Holder Construction Culture which is what they really call it. The Holder way is the way Holder do business, meaning the way they dress the way they act, and the expectation of attitudes across the broad as it relates to respect, response and responsibility. Holder takes the word responsibility and looks at it as the ability to response with respect to all and the actions of all employees’ exhibits that behavior within the Holder culture. Within the Holder culture we have a diversified makeup of employees from 80%White Americans, 10% Black Americans, 2% Hispanic and 8% others, however the authority recognized social rank is of the 80% White Americans which have set the ethical standards of the organization. The Holder organization is a family own business and has be in existence for over 50 years. Over the past 20 years the company has made some major transition in order to remain competitive pursuing talent as well as working consistency to retain good employees. As a matter of fact they say they what the best of the best. In order to understand how strategy impact organizational culture and why, an in-depth understanding of culture needs to be obtained. An organization’s culture is actually developed by the company’s way of doing business. It starts with how employees and customers are treated within the organization and if the stakeholders are empowered to contribute and be heard (Baack, D. 2012). Many in the Holder organization understands that culture is necessary in order to establish values and beliefs that shape the organizations objectives of how and what they want to accomplish (Pearce Robinson 2009). They also understand clearly that the holder culture represents their shared values among employees and shareholders. The loyalty and commitment which ea ch employee exhibits, out of the sense of respect for each other provides an atmosphere of family. The employees have a set of standards that guide them as individuals as well as groups to achieve the organizational gold’s. They are approachable and have no problem with questions asked and allow opportunities to ask questions. The culture is Pluralism, full of freedom, and democracy based. There is rarely outburst, or non- compliance from employees, mainly because the working environment is very positive. Although there is segregation once each ethic group depart from the work environment, once they all return to work the Holder culture began. It’s as everyone leave as much of their culture of origin at home, except the founding culture which is the dominant culture which is 80% white American. However this is understood and is likable to all culture so as it relates to culture attire, the attire is to meet the white American business attire, for example no braids for African America are allowed in the office work area. Although in the earlier decades, the modes of communication in the Holder culture was dominated by a form of verbal, face to face communication, due to the rapid pace of artificial intelligent such as fax machines cell phones and emails most communication is now non- verbal which is welcome by all Holder teams. In any changing organization, learning from mistakes is very important and the most important communication skill is listening. So due to the rapid pace of artificial intelligent communication has change in many ways. The ability to understand difference writing skill is very important, because of the frequent use of texting and emails. At Holder one main constant which everyone is aware of is if an email disappoint or seems to make you anger, do not answer that email until after 1pm that day if it was read that morning embracing a great amount of emotional intelligent. There are many variations in attitudes and managing the emotions that prompts feeling are sometime hard. However attitudes describe an individuals feelings toward a person, objects, concept, or event, and can be broken down into three components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral (Baack 2012) By waiting until after 1pm this allows Holder employees to become self awareness of their own emotions and then allow themselves to become sensitive the feelings of others, making time for their cognitive abilities to improve (Sole 2011). The Holder way emphasizes the mportance of clear, concise communication as a critical part of the success of the company and how effective communication occurs when the sender’s message is interpreted the way the sender intended it to be. When communication is interpreted the way the sender intended it to be understood, work can be accomplished accurately and efficiently (Johnson Johnson, 2009, p. 133). Communication in groups is sometime difficult, mainly because each member has differences personal circumstance and the motives sometime have hidden agendas. Holder has a motivation programs which is tailored to fix each Individual employee. The extrinsic motives which are tangible and visible, all employees have an ideal of others performance appraisals, pay raises and other compensation packages. These motives can be adapted to fit the needs of various organizational members, so each member communicates in ways that is competitive among each other (Baack 2012). Holder has also used group bonus incentives for performance and group achievement which sometime create friendly interactions with members of the group; also create a greater financial portfolio which serves at the individual needs level (Baack 2012). The Holder culture also know that change is to be anticipated, and their managers must work to give their employees a sense of control over changing situations as motivation technique to change (Rosenberg 1993). The Holder organization is a construction company in Atlanta GA and (Baack 2012) position on motivation theories says that many say that accountants and engineers are not necessarily representative of every type of occupation. Interviews of construction workers might result in different answers regarding workplace satisfaction and motivation, as would answers given by employees from other countries and cultures. In spite of these criticisms, many managers believe the two-factor theory helps explain workplace dissatisfaction. One of the strengths of two-factor theory, when compared to other need-based theories, is that the research was conducted in a work environment and was directed toward employment-related, rather than more general, motives. Herzbergs two-factor theory proposes that a certain set of factors is responsible for workplace dissatisfaction, while another set is responsible for workplace satisfaction. The theory has also been described as motivation-hygiene theory, because Herzberg calls the factors that affect satisfaction motivators and the factors that cause dissatisfaction hygiene factors (Baack 2012). Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is areas of important at The Holder organization in so much that all leadership positions before filled, the person that apply for the position must have completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) testing as well as have spent two week in the mountains of Denver to interact under observation with other peers. It is also a requirement at Holder that each salary employee takes at least one class per year to update their awareness of emotions which is an emotional awareness class that Holder provides in house. The Holder Company understands that there are many variations in attitudes and managing the emotions that prompts feeling are sometime hard. These attitudes which describe an individuals feelings toward a person, objects, concept, or event, must be under control at all times in the Holder organization. As (Baack 2012) indicates these feeling can be broken down into three important components which is the cognitive component, affective, and behavioral components. The thoughtful logic of an attitude is a significant part of the cognitive component of an attitude. The cognitive component provides reasons with premises in a person thought life that is important in the everyday business at Holder. The affective component is and very important component because the holder way say no matter what you are thinking in your head as it relates to your cognitive component, the outcome must not exhibit a negative behavior. How ones attitude is affective on behalf of the cognitive reasoning which one has concluded, the behavioral component of an attitude is based on how a person may intends to act or respond toward a situation which is presented by their cognitive reasoning, so that is why if there is an email that one may be unconformable with that email can’t be answered until after 1pm that day (Baack, 2012). According to Sole (2010) Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that can be learned and improved when the awareness of emotional issues are increased, as well as attaining the ability to identify, manage , assess, and feel. By improving cognitive abilities to reason, and improving the awareness emotional issues, a person attitudes could be emotional difference, as well as the behavioral component would have difference intents. Holders culture really embraces Emotional intelligence, understanding that an attitude is a predisposition toward a person, object, concept, or event, the outcomes of one’s attitudes can be favorable or unfavorable (Baack, 2012). Most employees at Holder try and take the approach when take become angry at someone, to ask themselves three things which are learn in the Holder classes. Does anything need to be said? 2 Do they need to be the one to say it, and 3 does it need to be said then? According to (Baack 2012), emotional intelligence reflects a persons ability to detect and manage emotional cues and information. In Holders culture it is expected that everyone has a self awareness of their own emotions and able to process reason. Managing emotional is sometime very diffic ult, however as Sole and Baack indicated self awareness of one’s own emotions and being able to sense the feelings of others, then ones cognitive abilities can improve. Believing just because there’s something going on up in a person head, doesn’t mean it needs to come out of my mouth. In the process of reasoning, some time people have to, what Holder calls (play the tape all the way through); this is to insure their the cognitive reasoning has been reviewed, and all the details as well as all the consequence has been accurately assumed . However there are times when the consequences or outcomes are negative in a given situation, then the opportunity to learn and develop new emotional understanding of self is availed. The understanding that attitudes always affect logic is very important at Holder; so the intent to act or respond toward a situation needs to be carefully approached because difference outcome provided difference awareness of an emotional state. Analyzing various behavioral components, within the Holder organization, viewing its culture, the modes of communication within, its social rank, and the organizations motivations, how well the organization embraces the theory of emotional intelligence and virtual organization. Organizational behavior may be defined as the investigation of the behavioral factors that affect modern organizations and their management at the individual, group, and organization-wide levels. Also there are many important areas which must be considered when analyzing the condition of a selective organizational behavior. The Holder Construction Culture which is what they really call it. The Holder way is the way Holder do business, meaning the way they dress the way they act, and the expectation of attitudes across the broad as it relates to respect, response and responsibility. The Holder organization is a family own business and has be in existence for over 50 years. Over the past 20 years the company has made some major transition in order to remain competitive pursuing talent as well as working consistency to retain good employees. Many in the Holder organization understands that culture is necessary in order to establish values and beliefs that shape the organizations objectives of how and what they want to accomplish (Pearce ; Robinson 2009). Although in the earlier decades, the modes of communication in the Holder culture was dominated by a form of verbal, face to face communication, due to the rapid pace of artificial intelligent such as fax machines cell phones and emails most communication is now non- verbal. The Holder way emphasizes the importance of clear, concise communication as a critical part of the success of the company and how effective communication occurs when the sender’s message is interpreted the way the sender intended it to be. Communication in groups is sometime difficult, mainly because each member has differences personal circumstance and the motives sometime have hidden agendas. Holder has a motivation programs which is tailored to fix each Individual employee. Holder has also used group bonus incentives for performance and group achievement which sometime create friendly interactions with members of the group; also create a greater financial portfolio which serves at the individual needs level (Baack 2012). Holders culture really embraces Emotional intelligence, understanding that an attitude is a predisposition toward a person, object, concept, or event, the outcomes of one’s attitudes can be favorable or unfavorable (Baack, 2012). Reference Baack, D. (2012). Organizational behavior. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Johnson D. W. , Johnson F. P. (2009). Joining Together: Group Therapy and GroupSkills. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Pearce J. , Robinson R. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation Implementation and? Control (11th ed. ) New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Sole, K (2011) Understanding Interpersonal communication San. Diego,CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc. , Rosenberg, D. (1993). Eliminating resistance to change. Security Management, 37(1), 20-20. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/231144681? accountid=32521 Organizational Behavior Essay Example Organizational Behavior Essay One of the most important subject in each organization is the measurement of the effectiveness of the communication between the employee and their mangers. In other word the more effective In communication you are the more productive involvement you will create as a manger. These are the three aspect I would focus on In these research: verbal communication, nonverbal communication. And the written. Also I would discusses some barriers that effect the communication in the organization. The verbal communication is the central what best of us do and It could be writing or speaking, for example all of the debate between our president or the meeting, face to face, telephone conversation or even the interviews is verbal, therefore, the verbal communication is the most Important type of communication. Since we born the first thing we try to learn Is the verbal communication and we do It step by step till we become good at it. However As business major knowing the verbal communication is not enough I have to prepare my self to be a provisional at it. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I remember when I use to work at Saudi Telecoms company as assistant to a general manger I have met many CEO from all over the world such as the CEO for Oracle company in the middle east and many others I remember some of them they came with their assistant or other employee and the reason was because the mangers were not good at negotiations or presentation at that time I did not notice the important of having a professional skill in communication and how it can persuade others but now I complicit new the important of it and I would mention the nine way to improve verbal communication according to Illumine. O. UK 1- read more the reason it says the more the person read the more he/she can express her self better by having more vocabulary which Is make sense I remember when I use to go to the English program back in 2008 every time I learn a new vocabulary I could express myself better and in the business world the more vocabulary the person have the more he/she can persuade people o r at least sound dedicated. The second way it says Think about the rods and it means go down to the level of the audiences in other word now your audiences, for example do not use very old language or big vocabulary in the front of forefinger company because they will not understand and some time they will not ask what does this word means. The teller way Is prepare before for speaking and that means the speaker should spend time thinking about what he/she would say and what is the best way of saying it, for example if he/she would talks about globe worming he/she should bring fact and organized the idea as much as possible. The fourth one is listen and be interested and that means show emanation during the conversation for example if one of the audiences ask question act if It important Arabic it says the man has tow ears and one mouth and that means he/she should lotion more than talk. The fifth one it says be aware of non-verbal communication traps: and that means the presenter or the speaker should be a area of his movement, tone, or even his body language because the people are watching you and making Judgment more than listing therefore,

Texting While Driving Essay Example

Texting While Driving Essay Example Texting While Driving Essay Texting While Driving Essay Smartphone has impacted almost all walk of human life. Mobile technology has drastically changed the cultural norms and behavior of individuals. The major impact of Smartphone is on PC market. According to a survey by Compete, a web analytics firm, a large number of people almost up to 65% are using their smart phones to read news feeds, post status updates, read amp; reply to messages and post photos. This shows that now people are leaving PCs and moving towards Smartphones. Texting while driving is a growing trend, and a national epidemic, quickly becoming one of the country’s top killers.Drivers assume they can handle texting while driving and remain safe, but the numbers don’t lie. When it comes to driving, teenagers have a lot of factors working against them like inexperience, impulsiveness, the challenge of navigating their complex social and emotional lives and the road at the same time. According to the documentary, 100,000 accidents in the US every year are caused by drivers using mobile phones. When they are texting while driving they could not focus on driving. The careless of driver will causes the car accident happens.Alongside victims, the documentary also features interviews with the perpetrators who have killed and injured people through careless driving. Texting While Driving Purpose/Goal: To address the issue of texting while driving and the effects it has. Audience: The citizens of the town of Winnipeg Setting: Large hall belonging to the municipal council Organization: Single sitting arrangement with an audience of approximately 150 people Supporting Material(s): The use of audiovisual equipment for instance a power point presentation to enhance the effect of the presentation Delivery: The speech will be delivered orally to the audience. The speaker may also use non-verbal cues in order to engage the audience more in the presentation. He or she may use facial expressions or gestures to this effect. Strengths: This presentations’ greatest strength is that the speaker will be able to forge a relationship with the audience. The audience will, therefore be more engaged in the presentation. The speaker can involve the audience members in the speech by use of questions for instance and this will improve the presentation. Weaknesses: The major weakness the speaker will encounter will be that he or she does not know al the members of the audience personally. This will be disadvantageous because he will not he or she able to address to their particular ideas and may not get all their attention. INTRODUCTION: Good morning everyone, I take this opportunity to welcome you to this meeting and to thank you for gracing us with your presence. Attention Getter: I believe that all of you are aware of the road accident that took place recently. It claimed the life of one of the third grade students in one of our local schools. It was claimed that this accident resulted due to the negligence of the driver who was texting as he was driving. Thesis: Texting while driving is a hazardous practice that endangers the lives of the pedestrians as well as other motorists (Leeming et al, 2007). Overview: Texting while driving has several effects on the driver and these effects culminate in occurrences such as road carnage. TRANSITION: All the motorists to ensure the safety of our roads should avoid the issue of texting while driving. Major Ideas (BODY): I. Drivers who drive as they text have their attention diverted from driving in order for them to text. A. Texting requires some level of attention to avoid making errors in the message. This takes the focus of the driver away from the road. B. The attention that should have been accorded to driving the car is therefore dramatically reduced and this is very dangerous to the other drivers and pedestrians TRANSITION: The averting of the attention of the driver while he or she is driving because he or she is texting may prove dangerous. II. Because the driver is not focusing on driving entirely, this makes him vulnerable to accidents that could have been avoided in ordinary circumstances. A. Most road accidents occur due to unnecessary mishaps and their frequency is increased when the drivers are engrossed in something else such as texting. B. An example of such an occurrence is if a car breaks down on the road, the probability of the distracted driver to run into the car is high since he or she will mot be notice the other drivers avoiding the car since they are busy texting. TRANSITION: These unnecessary road accidents can be avoided if only the drivers avoid texting while driving. III. The road accidents caused by the drivers who text while driving will affect the students in our community the most (TRL, 2011). A. A large number of the schools in this area are in close proximity to the residential areas. This means that the students therefore travel to school on foot. B. However if such accidents keep happening, the parents will require to spend a lot more money to obtain transport for their children to and from school. They will do this to ensure that their children are safe from road accidents. C. In the case of the student that was run over recently, the accident occurred as she crossed the road. The traffic lights signified it safe for the pedestrians to cross the road but one driver who was texting did not see the lights and so he hit her. TRANSITION: The safety of the children in our community should be paramount and everything should be done to ensure their well-being. CONCLUSION: All drivers should stop using technological devices while driving in order to ensure that they are not endangering the lives of the other civilians. Summary: Texting while driving has several effects. Drivers in this situation are sidetracked and they may cause accidents. These accidents can be avoided if this issue is seriously considered. Memorable Statement: In order to ensure the safety of this community, it is imperative that all the drivers stop using mobile phones while driving. Let the saddening demise of the young child be a constant reminder of the harmful effects of texting while driving. References Leeming, J. J., Mackay, G. M., Pole, K. F. M., Fitzgerald, P. J. (2007). Road accidents: Prevent or punish? Oswestry: Quinta TRL Limited. (2011). Pedestrian road accidents: Update (2007-2010). Bracknell: HIS News10. (2011).Story retrieved from: news10.net/news/local/article/162381/2/Auto-v-pedestrian-accident-claims-9-year-old-in-Marysville

Equitable Discretion in Determining Relief Case Study - 1

Equitable Discretion in Determining Relief - Case Study Example According to Lord Upjohn in Redland Bricks v Morris4 the grant of a mandatory injunction will depend upon the individual circumstances of a particular case; unlike a negative injunction, it can never be â€Å"as of course†. In the case of Charrington v Simons and Co5, Buckley J granted an injunction but suspended it for three years and in stating his reasons, he has highlighted the issue of fairness and justice to both parties in granting the remedy that was sought: The underlying issue of fairness and justice as the basis for determining the grant of a mandatory injunction was similarly elucidated in the case of Sheperd Homes v Sandham7 where Meggary J stated that relevant grounds would also include â€Å"the triviality of damage to the Plaintiff, and a â€Å"disproportion between the detriment that the injunction would inflict on the defendant and the benefit that it would confer on the plaintiff.† The stated goal, according to Meggary J was a â€Å"fair result† and this involved the â€Å"exercise of judicial discretion.†Ã‚   In the matter of an interlocutory injunction, the purpose behind the issue of such an injunction is to protect the rights of the parties until the time of final disposition of the case. The guiding principles of fairness and justice to both parties were laid out in the case of American Cyanid Co v Ethicon9, which is one of the most significant cases, since it overturned earlier criteria for assessing the merit of an interlocutory injunction, i.e, to examine the probabilities that a prima facie case had been established for the grant of a permanent injunction.  Ã‚  

The Explore Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Explore Project - Essay Example Explore Worldwide Ltd. is an adventure tour company which was established in 1981. Explore is not just a market leader but it is the most popular adventure tourism company in the UK. Explore offers various torus packages such as short breaks, family adventures, cycle tours, tailor-made tours etc. Explore has organized 40,000 tours until now and offer 400 tours across 120 countries. As mentioned above the tourism industry is growing at a rapid rate and hence there is tremendous competition. Explore’s competitors are not just local and national but also international tourism companies. This is because of the niche that Explore has established over the years by organizing tours to international tourists and has been able to build a loyal customer base. This is evident from the fact that there has been an increase in the number of trips booked by same tourist groups. The various competitors of Explore in UK are Diamond Travel, Thomas Cook, Exodus, First Choice, The Adventure Company, etc. There are various international tourism companies that compete with Explore but they all can not be analyzed in general as the competition in international market is destination oriented. In the recent years adventure tourism has grown at a fast rate and is one of the primary categories in the tourism market. This has been supported by various researches. A study by National Geographic and TIA suggested that 20% of the total leisure market is occupied by active or adventure travel (Heyniger, 2006). It was revealed in 2001 (The Mintel Report) that 25% of total European tour packages were accounted by adventure torus. The study also found out that there were a total 443,000 adventure holidays per year. It is estimated by Travel Industry Association of America that the adventure tourism is growing at a rate of 10%. Various studies have thrown light on the fact that there is an increase in the number of women who are taking up adventure tourism

Telecommunication in the 21st Century

Telecommunication in the 21st Century Telecommunication in the 21st century have improved over the decade by the introduction of better techniques through which signals can be transmitted from a transmitter through a medium to a receiver. These techniques have improved mobile communications, satellite transmissions and helped to improve data security. Some of these techniques are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), sampling and link analysis (SLA) and PCM. The acronym PCM represents ‘Pulse-code modulation’, which is used for digitizing analogue data, for instance, audio signals. This is carried out by sampling analogue signals at uniform interval and then quantized to a series of symbols in a digital code (e.g. 10001).Its technically a way in which analogue signals are converted to digital form. PCM technique has its advantages; It makes processing of signals cheap since PCM is digital. It helps to filter off frequencies above the highest signal frequency. Pulse-code modulation has been a form used for some compact disc formats, digital video and for digital audio in computers. In PCM, there are series of processed to be followed; Filtering Sampling Quantizing Binary coding Companding Filtering This is a process where frequencies above the highest signal frequency are removed. The reason for this is that if this frequency is not removed, problems would occur when going to the next stage of sampling. Sampling This stage of the PCM is performed through PAM (pulse amplitude modulation).It answer the question of how signals change from one form to another (analogue to digital). It makes use of the original analog signal and uses it for the amplitude modulation of a pulse which has constant amplitude and frequency, this constant frequency is known as the sampling frequency (i.e. the number of samples per second ).The sampling frequency have to be more than the maximum frequency of the analogue signal. To work out the sampling rate, Nyquist theorem is used; â€Å"That in order to be able to reconstruct the original analogue signal, a minimum number of samples had to be taken†.It could be stated as: Fs > 2(BW) Fs = Sampling frequency BW = Bandwidth of original analog voice signal Quantizing and Coding This basically means the converting of each of the analogue sample into a discrete value (in the form of a binary code) that can be given a digital code word. It is done by assigning each sample a certain quantization interval. The instantaneous amplitude is been rounded off to certain levels, this thereby introduces some uncertainties (quantization noise).This is given by this expression; Number of levels = 2 ^ Bn (Bn is the number of bits used in the encoding) It was proven from the experiment that the higher the number of quantization levels the lesser the amount of quantizing noise. However this process of increasing the quantizing level to lower the quantizing noise introduces complexity into the system as the PCM system would need to be able to handle more code word. Companding It is a word derived from the combination of compressing and expanding. This is another stage in pulse–code modulation. It is a process of compressing a given analogue signal and this signal is expanded to its original size on getting to destination. In this process, the input signal is compressed into logarithmic segments and then quantized and coded. The more the signals increase the more the compression increases. Since the larger signals are compressed more than the smaller signals, the quantization noise increases. This indirectly keeps the SNR (signal to noise ratio) constant. EXPRERIMENTATION AND OBSERVATION Apparatus Oscilloscope PCM ENCODER module Connection cable The experiment was carried out by sending an input (analogue message) into the PCM ENCODER module. This input is constrained to a defined bandwidth and amplitude range in order to make sure the Nyquist criterion is observed. The PCM ENCODER module looks like the diagram below: A suitable encoding scheme for the analogue sample is selected. For example a 4-bit or 7-bit encoding scheme. The analogue signal is fed through the Vin. For this experiment, the clock rate us 8.33 kHz TTL signal from MASTER SIGNAL module. Time frame is also very essential as each binary word is located in a time frame. It’s 8 clock periods long and has 8 slots of equal length (i.e. 0 – 7). The LSB (consisting of 1’s and 0’s) are embedded in the encoder itself. This is useful in determining the location of each frame in the data stream. Initially the 4-bit linear coding scheme is selected and patched up with the 8.33 kHz TTL sample clock.CH-2A displays the clock signal on the oscilloscope. The display below shows a 4-bit PCM output for zero amplitude input; Quantization in PCM ENCODING is the next stage after sampling. The quantization level is rather transmitted instead of the sample value. The quantization levels are binary coded (i.e. binary ‘1’ in the presence of a pulse and binary ‘0’ in the absence of a pulse) RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The output of the variable DC is connected to Vin and sweeping the DC voltage slowly forward and backward shows discrete jumps in the data pattern, e.g. The maximum voltage is recorded as -2.51V.Also increasing the amplitude of the DC input signal looks like the diagram below; Changing the DC voltage from the maximum to minimum gave a range of binary code variations as listed below; The following measurements were later made after recording the quantizing levels and associated binary numbers; Sampling rate – 16.6 kHz Frame width – 950 µs Width of a data bit 120 µs Width of a data word 480 µs Number of quantizing level – 16 From the measurement above it could be concluded that the quantizing levels are linearly spaced .The same process would be applicable to a 7-bit linear encoding using the toggle switch on the front panel, though it would take longer than the 4-bit linear encoding done earlier. The Companding stage in a PCM is the process by which an analogue signal is been compressed at the source and then expanded back to its original size when it gets to its destination. During this process, the signal is compressed into segments which are quantized using uniform quantization. As the sample signal increases, the compression increases (i.e. the larger samples gets more compressed than the smaller samples). The standard of companding used in this experiment is the A-law .The equation is; Where A = 87.7 in Europe and X is the normalized integer to be compressed. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The toggle switch is changed back to a 4-bit companding and the TIMs A4 companding law pre-selected is selected from the switch board. This gave the measurement below; In PCM decoding, the TIMs PCM DECODER module is used for decoding. This is the first operation in the receiver towards regenerating the received pulses. Amplitude of the pulse generated is the linear sum of all pulses in the coded word. In other to be able to recover the information on the PCM decoder, the knowledge of the sampling rate used to encode the signal is essential. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The setup is similar to the earlier setup with CH-1A connected to the scope selector to the PCM output of the PCM ENCODER.A large negative DC is used for the message, the alternating ‘0’ and ‘1’ bits produced are measured to be 1920ms apart. The 4-bit linear decoding scheme is now selected to carry out the decoding process. The 8.33 kHz TTL signal is stolen from the transmitter and connected to the clock input. Time division multiplexing (TDM) is an alternative to the method of multiplexing using frequency sharing. Each channel is allocated a specific time slots, and each slots contain frames which must be repeated at the sampling rate. It can only be used for pulsed signals and not for analogue signals because they are continuous in time. The importance of TDM is that it enables many independent signals to be transmitted. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION A PCM TDM signal could be generated using PCM ENCODER; each driven by the same clock ( one the MASTER and the other SLAVE).Interconnecting in this way eliminates other frames and gives room for the two output to be added together to form the TDM signal. The display on the oscilloscope is shown below; The connection of the MASTER and the SLAVE generates the diagram below; Patching up the two PCM data outputs generates the display below; The next step which is shown below is to confirm that the frame synchronization bit is a ‘1’ for the MASTER and ‘0’ for the SLAVE The last stage of this experiment is to separate the two messages that have been multiplexed earlier. The PCM demodulator is patched up, with each module receiving the same clock stolen from the transmitter and each module also receives an external FS signal. The diagram below confirms the two messages have been recovered and appear at the correct outputs; CONCLUSION Pulse Code Modulation is however a very effective way of conveying audio signal by sampling the signal and transmitting binary coded pulse representing the sample values. It has emerged the most favored modulating scheme for transmitting analogue information such as voice and video signals. The advantages of PCM over the other forms of modulation (e.g. analogue modulation) are; PCM suppresses wideband noise. It is effective in the regeneration of the coded signal along the transmission path. It enables digital multiplexing. It enables the efficient exchange of increased channel bandwidth for improved signal-to-noise ratio. All these advantages however come at the expense of increased system complexity and increases channel bandwidth. REFERENCES http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/PCM.html [last accessed 25/03/08] http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR502/page13.htm [last accessed 25/03/08] http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/788/signalling/waveform_coding.pdf [last accessed 25/03/08] http://www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/245/2004/09_PCM.ppt#20 [last accessed 25/03/08] Rodger E.Ziener and William H.Tranter, â€Å"Principles of Communication†, Chapter 3, John Wiley and sons, NY, 2002. Simon Haykin, â€Å"Communication Systems†, Chapter 3, John Wiley and sons, NY, 2001. David Petersen, â€Å"Audio, Video and Data Telecommunications†, Chapter 2, McGraw-Hill, Cambridge, 1992.

Watsons Theory of Caring Essay -- Nursing

Watson’s Theory of Nursing We live in a fast moving environment with longer tiring days. When we are ill we go to the doctor’s office or emergency room and expect fast and reliable service. Data is collected that is measuring satisfaction from the service and, of course that data helps to improve the service. Companies keep track of statistics, like income, housing, children, and cars. I also like numbers and statistics, and like the idea that everything can be measured and have a number associated with it. However, I am wondering if everything can be quantified. Can we reliably measure happiness, love, and care of one person for another? Attempts are made to quantify happiness in some countries, Bhutan and Great Britain, to name a few. Consider health care, we are counting admissions, discharges, hospital-days, and patient satisfaction scores, but this statistic does not reflect how a patient feels. How often was the patient scared, depressed and lonely in his statistical hospital room somewhere betwe en his admission and discharge? Did anyone care about this person? Watson's theory of caring concentrates on human aspect of nursing and gives nurses opportunity to connect and to care for patients. Background of Watson’s Theory of Caring Watson admits that her original intent was not to create a theory; she was only trying to solve some conceptual and empirical problems with nursing education, practice, and research. Her 1979 book, Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring, was, in fact, an essay on nursing (Watson, 1999). Over 30 years, from 1979 to 2008, Watson develops and finalizes her Theory of Caring. She starts with her textbook for an integrated nursing curriculum at the University of Colorado. The theory starts wi... ...e. Easier, of course, to perform assigned task, but we know that in human interaction and especially in health care many more factors affect the outcome but not just well performed task. Watson’s theory gives a special attention and concentrates on the humanistic aspect of nursing. Works Cited Alligood, M. R., & Tomey, A. M. (2006). Nursing theory: Utilization & application (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Cross, P. (1981). Adults as learners . Washington, DC : Jossey-Bass, a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons . Watson, J. (1988). Nursing: Human science and human care. New York: National League for Nursing. Watson, J. (1999). Nursing: Human science and human care: A theory of nursing. Sudbury, MA: NLN Press, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Watson, J. (2008). Nursing: The philosophy and science of caring. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.

The Killer Angels Book Review

I believe that the author wrote this book because he wanted people to view the Battle of Gettysburg from not Just the view point that we receive in our textbooks but from different points of views so that we may interpret the battle as a whole instead of bits and pieces. This book, in my opinion, was written for both informative and entertainment for those who enjoy learning about history and the Civil War. This novel began with a person spying on the Union army then goes back to report o General Longest that he had found that an Union army was seen moving nearby where he was located.When the spy told Longest that information, it seemed to shock him a little bit. In Longitude's mind he believed that another general, General Stuart, was supposed to be tracking the Union army's movement. Now that he has received this information, he thought that he should move the Confederate army north to cut off the Union army. While heading north, the Confederate's come across a small town in Pennsy lvania known as Gettysburg. While patrolling the town of Gettysburg on his horse, a Union general had noticed that the Confederate soldiers were close.The general who saw the confederate army, General Afford, was under the impression that the two armies would start to battle inside the town. So he set up to brigades along the hills outside of town. His way of thinking was that the higher ground the Union army was, the better it was to fight the Confederate army. He believed using the geography of the north was a good idea. I agree with his thinking because it is certainly an advantage when it comes to warfare. As General Afford is aging arrangements to make that happen, General Longest was meeting with other generals to discuss strategy and tactic.The book then turns to the date of July 1st. It starts as General Lee is waking up and discovering General Stuart absence from camp. Without the absent man, Lee had no idea where the Union army was located and that troubled him. Not knowin g where the enemy was is never a good thing because you have no idea what your next plan or step would be. While at camp, he met with Longest. Longest was confident that the Confederates can use defensive tactics that has helped them in revises battles to help them win this one.He believes that the Confederacy would have a much better chance of winning because of their defensive skills that have proven to be top notch. General Lee refused Longitude's way of thinking because he wanted to smash the Union army aggressively in one blow. The book then transitions to where the battle was beginning when the confederate soldiers attacked the men who were station amongst the hills due to Brood's command. Reinforcements soon arrived to help out Brood's men since they were getting killed.The reinforcement quad was led by General Reynolds whom was later killed in the battle. As Lee arrives to the battleground, the battle is in full swing. He is ordering his men to attack since some Union troops were coming from the South to help out. As the first day ends, Union forces retreated back into the hills to take cover and get some rest for the upcoming day when they would continue to battle. Longest becomes nervous because he knew that the hills were a good defensive position. He knew that they would have the advantage if they went to attack them within the hills.He was also ware that General Lee would attack them instead of retreating to another location and wait for them to attack. On the second day of the battle, Chamberlain is the one who makes the first move this time by moving toward Gettysburg once again. As they were walking, they discovered an escaped slave. This gets Chamberlain into thinking about the reasoning for this war that has caused so many causalities of fellow Americans and what he believed in about different races. While that was happening, two confederate generals were suggesting to lee that they should attack the opposing army to weaken it.Lee likes the p lan, but Longest still wants to move to another location. Once again Lee had refused. As Lee and Longest lead the troops toward the hills, they discover that the army has come off of the hills and into the lowland where an orchard of some sort lied. They attack which causes a blood bath. Chamberlain and his men had to hold the ground against the Confederate attacks, but eventually they run out of bullets. They had followed by a motto to never retreat and fight while standing their ground. As day two came to an end, Lee decided on a Lana for the next day.As the final day approaches, Longest, for the final time, tries to convince Lee to move the army to another location, but Lee again refuses. Lee was determined to attack his enemy at this certain place. Longest had tried to convince him but he refused while launching an attack known as Picket's charge. After the failure of Picket's charge, the Confederates soon retreated, and the Battle of Gettysburg had finally come to an end. Perso nally, I believe Michael Sahara is the type of person who found this battle to be absolutely fascinating.I also believe that the author had done his research on the matter by using personal letters of these generals and other primary sources to help him write this book. This novel is an excellent example of a bloody battle fought on the US soil between the people of the US. To be honest, I really enjoyed this book. I like who the point of views changed to get the full coverage the battle and to have an insight on what was actually happening. I also happen to love learning about wars and the presidents so that helped a lot knowing some outside information.